• SCI110 tutorials
  • Preface
    • Answers to questions
    • Statistical software
    • Data sets
    • Call-outs used in this book
      • Call-outs to orient your study
      • Call-outs to indicate activities
      • Call-outs that give support
    • How this book was made
    • Learning outcomes
    • How to cite this book
  • 1 Teaching Week 1 tutorial
    • 1.1 Quick revision
    • 1.2 Class discussion
    • 1.3 Research process
    • 1.4 Forming RQs
    • 1.5 Terminology
    • 1.6 Terminology
    • 1.7 Creating research questions and studies
    • 1.8 Identifying units of analysis and units of observation
    • 1.9 Optional questions
      • 1.9.1 (Optional) Identifying different types of studies
      • 1.9.2 (Optional) Terminology
  • 2 Teaching Week 2 tutorial
    • 2.1 Quick revision
    • 2.2 Class discussion
    • 2.3 Study design
    • 2.4 Language
    • 2.5 Assessing reports
    • 2.6 Planning a research study
    • 2.7 Study design features
  • 3 Teaching Week 3 tutorial
    • 3.1 Quick revision
    • 3.2 Class discussion
    • 3.3 Using the calculator statistics mode for a small data set
    • 3.4 Understanding centre and variation
    • 3.5 Understanding histograms
    • 3.6 Collecting data
    • 3.7 Interpreting graphs
    • 3.8 Optional drills: computational exercises
    • 3.9 Optional questions
      • 3.9.1 (Optional) Using the calculator Statistics Mode
  • 4 Teaching Week 4 tutorial
    • 4.1 Quick revision
    • 4.2 Class discussion
    • 4.3 Percentages and odds
    • 4.4 Two-way tables
    • 4.5 Working with odds
    • 4.6 Optional drills: Computational exercises
    • 4.7 Optional questions
      • 4.7.1 (Optional) Odds ratios
  • 5 Teaching Week 5 tutorial
    • 5.1 Quick revision
    • 5.2 Class discussion
    • 5.3 Critiquing students' numerical summaries
    • 5.4 Critiquing students' graphs
    • 5.5 Understanding correlations
    • 5.6 Numerical summary for ruler-drop data
    • 5.7 Which summary measures to use
  • 6 Teaching Week 6 tutorial
    • 6.1 Quick revision
    • 6.2 Class discussion
    • 6.3 Normal distributions and IQs
    • 6.4 Normal distributions and heights
    • 6.5 Probability
    • 6.6 Random coin tosses
    • 6.7 Optional questions
      • 6.7.1 (Optional) Working with normal distributions
  • 7 Teaching Week 7 tutorial
    • 7.1 Quick revision
    • 7.2 Class discussion
    • 7.3 Concepts
    • 7.4 Standard error for a proportion
    • 7.5 CIs for one proportion
    • 7.6 CIs for one mean
    • 7.7 Optional drills: Computational exercises
  • 8 Teaching Week 8 tutorial
    • 8.1 Quick revision
    • 8.2 Class discussion
    • 8.3 The decision-making process
    • 8.4 Test for one proportion
    • 8.5 Tests for one mean
    • 8.6 Approximate \(P\)-values
  • 9 Teaching Week 9 tutorial
    • 9.1 Quick revision
    • 9.2 Class discussion
    • 9.3 Matching RQs and hypotheses
    • 9.4 CIs and tests for mean differences (paired data)
    • 9.5 CI and test for the ruler-drop
    • 9.6 CIs and test for difference between two sample means
    • 9.7 Optional questions
      • 9.7.1 (Optional) Paired \(t\)-test
      • 9.7.2 (Optional) Two-sample \(t\)-test
  • 10 Teaching Week 10 tutorial
    • 10.1 Quick revision
    • 10.2 Class discussion
    • 10.3 Consistency
    • 10.4 CI and test for odds ratios
    • 10.5 CIs and tests for ORs
    • 10.6 Identify the correct analysis
    • 10.7 Sample size calculations
  • 11 Teaching Week 11 tutorial
    • 11.1 Quick revision
    • 11.2 Class discussion
    • 11.3 Critiquing past students' reports 1
    • 11.4 Critiquing past students' reports 2
    • 11.5 Tests for ORs
    • 11.6 Critiquing past students' reports 3
    • 11.7 Critiquing past students' reports 4
  • 12 Teaching Week 12 tutorial
    • 12.1 Quick revision
    • 12.2 Class discussion
    • 12.3 Understanding correlations and regression
    • 12.4 Interpreting regressions
    • 12.5 Regression and correlation
  • Appendices
  • A Answers for exercises
    • A.1 Answers for TW 1 tutorial
    • A.2 Answers for TW 2 tutorial
    • A.3 Answers for TW 3 tutorial
    • A.4 Answers for TW 4 tutorial
    • A.5 Answers for TW 5 tutorial
    • A.6 Answers for TW 6 tutorial
    • A.7 Answers for TW 7 tutorial
    • A.8 Answers for TW 8 tutorial
    • A.9 Answers for TW 9 tutorial
    • A.10 Answers for TW 10 tutorial
    • A.11 Answers for TW 11 tutorial
    • A.12 Answers for TW 12 tutorial
  • B Appendix: Tables
    • B.1 When the \(z\)-score is known, and the area is sought
    • B.2 When the area is known, and the \(z\)-score is sought
    • B.3 Random numbers
  • C Symbols, formulas, statistics and parameters
    • C.1 Symbols and standard errors
    • C.2 Confidence intervals
    • C.3 Hypothesis testing
    • C.4 Sample size estimation
    • C.5 Other formulas
    • C.6 Other symbols and abbreviations used
  • D Appendix: Image credits
  • References
  • Published with bookdown

Science Research Methods: Tutorials

C Symbols, formulas, statistics and parameters

The following information appears in this Appendix:

  • Symbols and standard errors for confidence intervals and hypothesis testing
  • Information about forming confidence intervals
  • Information for hypothesis testing
  • Information for estimating sample sizes
  • Other formulas used
  • Other symbols used

Copyright © Peter K. Dunn, 2025